![]() ![]() Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of following genes: ALS1–7, ALS9, HWP1, SAP1-SAP10, PLB1–3, PLB5, CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, ERG11 and HXK1 were performed as described by previous publications. The MLST results of seven sequenced loci were concatenated into a single sequence to phylogenetic analysis by unweighted-pair group method using average linkages (UPGMA), determined by P distances using MEGA 6 software ( ).Ĭandida albicans SC5314 and Candida albicans ATCC90028 were used as reference strains. Allele numbers of each locus was determined by inputting the sequences in the C.albicans MLST database ( ) and diploid sequence types (DSTs) for each isolate was determined by the composite profile of all seven allele numbers. ALL seven loci were sequenced in both the forward and reverse directions and sequence data were assembled using ContigExpress software and checked manually for heterozygous polymorphisms. albicans: CaAAT1a, CaACC1, CaADP1, CaMPIb, CaSYA1, CaVPS13 and CaZWF1b. africana was performed on the basis of a previously published consensus set of seven housekeeping gene loci for C. The ABC genotype and mating-type was determined by using previously designed primers and experimental conditions by McCullough et al. africana on the basis of the distinct size of the amplicons as previously described (Additional file 6: Figure S1). Genomic DNA was extracted by using the E.Z.N.A™ Yeast DNA Kit (OMEGA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions HWP1 gene (primers CR-f 5-GCTAC CACTTCAGAATCATCATC-3 and CR-r 5-GCAC CTTCAGTCGTAGAGACG-3) amplification was performed and the PCR products was electrophoresed in 1.2% agarose gel in TBE buffer to distinguish C. The isolates were from vaginal specimens of patients with VVC and vaginal samples of pregnant women. africana from vulvovaginal candidiasis and its relevance to clinical characteristics, virulence, pathogenicity, and antifungal profiles. The purpose of this study was to explore multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of C. Its distribution appears to be worldwide. Candida africana colonized mainly in human genitalia and cause vaginal infections. Candida africana represents the phenotypic variation occurring in C. albicans in the galleria mellonella insect systemic infection model. africana showed poor adhesion ability to human Hela cells, absence of biofilm formation, a notable low level of filamentation and significantly less pathogenic than C. And it shows remarkable differences if compared to C. The isolates assigned to this group were originally proposed as representatives of a new species rather than a biovariant of C. This paper was presented at the conference of 8th Trend in Medical Mycology (6–9 October 2017, Belgrade, Serbia) and was published on conference abstract.Ĭandida africana was isolated, for the first time, in 1995 in Madagascar, Africa and afterwards proposed as new Candida species phylogenetically closely related to C. Candida africana, a lower virulence candida, is susceptible to commonly used antifungal agents. ConclusionsĬandida africana appear to be with a low level of sequence variation in MLST loci. These isolates also exhibited low MICs to amphotericin B, flucytosine, and posaconazole. africana isolates were susceptible to fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, and micafungin. The level of virulent genes and resistant genes mRNA expression was higher in fluconazole-resistant strains. All the patients were symptomatic and with a high mycological cure rate when treated with commonly used antifungal agents.There were statistically significant differences in biofilm formation and phospholipase activity between C. The DST782 and DST182 were the main MLST genotypes in C. The MLST analysis revealed a substantial degree of genetic homogeneity. The statistical of the results was determined by the T test and Pearson chi-squared test. Antifungal susceptibilities of the isolates were assayed by using the broth microdilution method. The enzymatic activity of phospholipase, esterase and haemolysis enzyme production was evaluated.The level of virulent genes and resistant genes mRNA expression was determined by using real-time PCR. africana, which were isolated from vaginal specimens of patients with VVC, was performed. We report the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of C. Candida africana is distributed worldwide and colonized in human genitalia and cause mainly vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). ![]()
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